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For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation) Minimus Speakers. . Latin

Lingua Latina 

Pronunciation:
/laˈtiːna/
Spoken in: Vatican City
Language extinction: Late Latin developed into various Romance languages by the 9th century
Language family: Indo-European

 Italic

  Latino-Faliscan

   Latin  Official status

Official language in: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church Language codes

ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
ISO 639-3: lat
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode Minimus Speakers.

Latin (Latīna, pronounced
[laˈtiːna]) is an ancient Indo-European language that was spoken in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire Minimus Speakers. The conquests of Rome spread the language throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe Minimus Speakers. It existed in two forms: Classical Latin, used in poetry and formal prose, and Vulgar Latin, spoken by the people Minimus Speakers. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Roman Catholic Church Latin became the common ecclesiastical language in Western Europe and the lingua franca of educated classes in the West Minimus Speakers.
After having lasted 2,200 years, Latin began a slow decline around the 1600s Minimus Speakers. But Vulgar Latin was preserved: it split into several regional dialects, which by the 800s had become the ancestors of today”s Romance languages Minimus Speakers. English, though originating as a Germanic language, derives 35% of its words from Latin, largely by way of French, but partly through direct borrowings made especially during the 1600s in England Minimus Speakers.
Latin lives on in the form of Ecclesiastical Latin spoken in the Roman Catholic Church Minimus Speakers. Latin vocabulary is also still used in science, academia, and law Minimus Speakers. Classical Latin, the literary language of the late Republic and early Empire, is still taught in many primary, grammar, and secondary schools, often combined with Greek in the study of Classics, though its role has diminished since the early 20th century Minimus Speakers. The Latin alphabet, together with its modern variants such as the English and French alphabets, is the most widely used alphabet in the world Minimus Speakers.

History

Main article: History of Latin

The Duenos inscription, from the 6th century BC, is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts, and probably comes from the tribe of Latins Minimus Speakers.
Latin is a member of the Italic languages and its alphabet is based on the Old Italic alphabet, derived from the Greek alphabet Minimus Speakers. In the 9th or 8th century BC Latin was brought to the Italian peninsula by the migrating Latins who settled in Latium, around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization would develop Minimus Speakers. During those early years Latin came under the influence of the non-Indo-European Etruscan language of northern Italy Minimus Speakers.
Although surviving Roman literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, the actual spoken language of the Western Roman Empire was Vulgar Latin, which differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and (eventually) pronunciation Minimus Speakers.
Although Latin long remained the legal and governmental language of the Roman Empire, Greek became the dominant language of the well-educated elite, as much of the literature and philosophy studied by upper-class Romans had been produced by Greek (usually Athenian) authors Minimus Speakers. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which would become the Byzantine Empire after the final split of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires in 395, Greek eventually supplanted Latin as the legal and governmental language; and it had long been the spoken language of most Eastern citizens (of all classes) Minimus Speakers.

Orthography

Main article: Latin alphabet

To write Latin, the Romans invented the Latin alphabet, basing it on the Etruscan Alphabet, which itself was based on the Greek alphabet Minimus Speakers. The Latin alphabet lives today in modified form as the writing system for Romance, Celtic, Slavic, and Germanic languages Minimus Speakers. English is a Germanic language and is written with a form of the Latin alphabet Minimus Speakers.
Ancient Romans did not use punctuation, letter spacing, or lowercase letters Minimus Speakers. So a sentence originally written as
PHILOSOPHIAESTARSVITAE;
would be rendered in a modern edition as
Philosophia est ars vitae;
and translated as
Philosophy is the art of life (or, the art of living) Minimus Speakers.

The language of Rome has had a profound impact on later cultures, as demonstrated by this Latin Bible from 1407

Legacy

The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and, eventually, Vulgar Latin began to dialectize, based on the location of its various speakers Minimus Speakers. Vulgar Latin gradually evolved into a number of distinct Romance languages, a process well underway by the 9th century Minimus Speakers. These were for many centuries only oral languages, Latin still being used for writing Minimus Speakers.
For example, Latin was still the official language of Portugal in 1296, after which it was replaced by Portuguese Minimus Speakers. Many of these “daughter” languages, including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and Romansh, flourished, the differences between them growing greater and more formal over time Minimus Speakers.
Out of the Romance languages, Italian is the purest descendant of Latin in terms of vocabulary, though Sardinian is the most conservative in terms of phonology Minimus Speakers.
Some of the differences between Classical Latin and the Romance languages have been used in attempts to reconstruct Vulgar Latin Minimus Speakers. For example, the Romance languages have distinctive stress on certain syllables, whereas Latin had this feature in addition to distinctive length of vowels Minimus Speakers. In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is distinctive length of consonants as well as stress; in Spanish and Portuguese, only distinctive stress; while in French length and stress are no longer distinctive Minimus Speakers. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that all Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words, except for some pronouns Minimus Speakers. Romanian exhibits a direct case (nominative/accusative), an indirect case (dative/genitive), and a vocative, but linguists have said that the case endings are a Balkan innovation Minimus Speakers.
There has also been a major Latin influence in English Minimus Speakers. English is Germanic in grammar, largely Romance in vocabulary, with Greek influence Minimus Speakers. Sixty percent of the English vocabulary has its roots in Latin (although a large amount of this is indirect, mostly via French) Minimus Speakers. In the medieval period, much of this borrowing occurred through ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th Century, or indirectly after the Norman Conquest—through the Anglo-Norman language Minimus Speakers.
From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots Minimus Speakers. These words were dubbed “inkhorn” or “inkpot” words, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink Minimus Speakers. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some were so useful that they survived Minimus Speakers. Imbibe, extrapolate, dormant and employer are all inkhorn terms created from Latin words Minimus Speakers. Many of the most common polysyllabic “English” words are simply adapted Latin forms, in a large number of cases adapted by way of Old French Minimus Speakers.
Latin mottos are used as guidelines by many organizations Minimus Speakers.

Grammar

Main article: Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, fusional language: affixes (often suffixes, which usually encode more than one grammatical category) are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns—a process called declension Minimus Speakers. Affixes are attached to fixed stems of verbs, as well, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect—a process called conjugation Minimus Speakers.

Nouns

Main article: Latin declension

There are six main Latin noun cases Minimus Speakers. These play a major part in determining a noun”s syntactic role in the sentence, so word order is not as important in Latin as it is in other languages Minimus Speakers. Because of noun cases, words can often be moved around in a sentence without significantly altering its meaning, though the emphasis will have altered Minimus Speakers. The cases, with their most important uses, are these:

1. Nominative: used when the noun is the subject of the sentence or phrase, or when functioning as a predicative of the subject Minimus Speakers.
2. Genitive: used when the noun is the possessor of an object (example: “the horse of the man”, or “the man”s horse”—in both of these cases, the word man would be in the genitive case when translated into Latin) Minimus Speakers. Also indicates material of which something greater is made of (example: “a group of people”; “a number of gifts”—people and gifts would be in the genitive case) Minimus Speakers. Some nouns are genitive with special verbs too Minimus Speakers.
3. Dative: used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, with special verbs, with certain prepositions, and if used as agent, reference, or even possessor Minimus Speakers.
4. Accusative: used when the noun is the direct object of the sentence/phrase, with certain prepositions, or as the subject of an infinitive Minimus Speakers.
5. Ablative: used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent, or instrument, or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions; adverbial Minimus Speakers.
6. Vocative: used when the noun is used in a direct address (usually of a person, but not always) Minimus Speakers.

There is also a seventh case, called the Locative case, used to indicate a location (corresponding to the English “in” or “at”) Minimus Speakers. This is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns Minimus Speakers.

Verbs

Main article: Latin conjugation

Verbs in Latin are usually identified by the four main conjugations—the groups of verbs with similar inflected forms Minimus Speakers. The first conjugation is typified by active infinitive forms ending in -āre, the second by active infinitives ending in -ēre, the third by infinitives ending in -ere, and the fourth by active infinitives ending in -īre Minimus Speakers. However, there are exceptions to these rules Minimus Speakers. There are six general tenses in Latin (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), four grammatical moods (indicative, infinitive, imperative and subjunctive), six persons (first, second, and third, each in singular and plural), two voices (active and passive), and a few aspects Minimus Speakers. Verbs are described by four principal parts:

1. The first principal part is the first person, singular, present tense, and it is the indicative mood form of the verb Minimus Speakers.
2. The second principal part is the active, present tense, infinitive form of the verb Minimus Speakers.
3. The third principal part is the first person, singular, perfect tense, active indicative mood form of the verb Minimus Speakers.
4. The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the participial form, nominative case, singular, perfect tense, passive voice participle form of the verb Minimus Speakers. The fourth principal part can show either one gender of the participle, or all three genders (-us for masculine, -a for feminine, and -um for neuter) Minimus Speakers. It can also be the future participle when that verb cannot be made passive Minimus Speakers.

Instruction in Latin

Main article: Instruction in Latin

A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the University Library of Graz
The linguistic element of Latin courses offered in secondary schools and in universities is primarily geared toward an ability to translate Latin texts into modern languages, rather than using it for the purpose of oral communication Minimus Speakers. As such, the skills of reading and writing are heavily emphasized, and speaking and listening skills are left inchoate Minimus Speakers.
However, there is a growing movement, sometimes known as the Living Latin movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can be taught in the same way that modern “living” languages are taught, i Minimus Speakers.e Minimus Speakers., as a means of both spoken and written communication Minimus Speakers. This approach to learning the language assists speculative insight into how ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically; patterns in Latin poetry and literature can be difficult to identify without an understanding of the sounds of words Minimus Speakers.
Institutions that offer Living Latin instruction include the Vatican and the University of Kentucky Minimus Speakers. In Great Britain, the Classical Association encourages this approach, and Latin language books describing the adventures of a mouse called Minimus have been published Minimus Speakers. In the United States, the National Junior Classical League (with more than 50,000 members) encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin, and the National Senior Classical League encourages college students to continue their studies of the language Minimus Speakers.
Many international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin Minimus Speakers. Interlingua, which lays claim to a sizeable following, is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language Minimus Speakers. Latino sine Flexione, popular in the early 20th century, is a language created from Latin with its inflections dropped Minimus Speakers.
Latin translations of modern literature such as Paddington Bear, Winnie the Pooh, Tintin, Asterix, Harry Potter, The Lord of the Rings, Le Petit Prince, Max und Moritz, and The Cat in the Hat are intended to bolster interest in the language Minimus Speakers.

Modern use of Latin

The signs at Wallsend Metro station are in English and Latin as a tribute to Wallsend”s role as one of the outposts of the Roman empire
Today, Latin terminology is widely used, inter alia, in philosophy, medicine and law, in terms and abbreviations such as subpoena duces tecum and q Minimus Speakers.i Minimus Speakers.d Minimus Speakers. (quater in die: “four times a day”) Minimus Speakers. The Latin terms are used in isolation, as technical terms Minimus Speakers.
Some films set in the Roman empire have been made with dialogue in Latin, such as Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ Minimus Speakers.
The Pope delivers his written messages in Latin Minimus Speakers.
Many organizations today also have Latin mottos, such as “Semper Fidelis,” or “Always Faithful,” the motto of The United States Marine Corps Minimus Speakers.

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October 29th 2007 Posted to   Pills